A deviation from this prediction could therefore signal a violation of lepton universality. If lepton universality holds, this ratio should be close to 1. The team then took the ratio between these two decay rates. ![]() Sifting through proton–proton collision data at energies of 7, 8 and 13 TeV, the LHCb researchers identified beauty baryons called Λ b 0 and counted how often they decayed to a proton, a charged kaon and either a muon and antimuon or an electron and antielectron. The latest LHCb result is the first test of lepton universality made using the decays of beauty baryons – three-quark particles containing at least one beauty quark. Taken separately, these measurements are not statistically significant enough to claim a breaking of lepton universality and hence a crack in the Standard Model, but it is intriguing that hints of a difference have been popping up in different particle decays and experiments. However, some measurements of particle decays made by the LHCb team and other groups over the past few years have indicated a possible difference in their behaviour. As a result, the different lepton types should be created equally often in particle transformations, or “decays”, once differences in their mass are accounted for. Lepton universality is the idea that all three types of charged lepton particles – electrons, muons and taus – interact in the same way with other particles. If confirmed, as more data are collected and analysed, the results would signal a crack in the Standard Model. Although not statistically significant, the finding – a possible difference in the behaviour of different types of lepton particles – chimes with other previous results. Electrons are involved in many applications such as tribology or frictional charging, electrolysis, electrochemistry, battery technologies, electronics, welding, cathode- ray tubes, photoelectricity, photovoltaic solar panels, electron microscopes, radiation therapy, lasers, gaseous ionization detectors and particle accelerators.The LHCb collaboration has reported an intriguing new result in its quest to test a key principle of the Standard Model called lepton universality. Special telescopes can detect electron plasma in outer space. Laboratory instruments are capable of trapping individual electrons as well as electron plasma by the use of electromagnetic fields. Electrons radiate or absorb energy in the form of photons when they are accelerated. Electromagnetic fields produced from other sources will affect the motion of an electron according to the Lorentz force law. Since an electron has charge, it has a surrounding electric field, and if that electron is moving relative to an observer, said observer will observe it to generate a magnetic field. The wave properties of electrons are easier to observe with experiments than those of other particles like neutrons and protons because electrons have a lower mass and hence a longer de Broglie wavelength for a given energy.Įlectrons play an essential role in numerous physical phenomena, such as electricity, magnetism, chemistry and thermal conductivity, and they also participate in gravitational, electromagnetic and weak interactions. Like all elementary particles, electrons exhibit properties of both particles and waves: they can collide with other particles and can be diffracted like light. Being fermions, no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state, in accordance with the Pauli exclusion principle. Quantum mechanical properties of the electron include an intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of a half-integer value, expressed in units of the reduced Planck constant, ħ. ![]() The electron has a mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton. Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no known components or substructure.
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